Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms.
污染是指空气、水或土地具有的一些物理、化学或生物特性能对人类或其它生物健康、生存和活动产生有害影响从而发生令人不快的变化。
unit2.
Because of the abuses and problems of the past, regulations have been enacted that force American industry to be responsible for hazardous waste disposal.
由于过去的这些问题，用来强制美国的工业承担有害物质处理责任的相关法规已经颁布。
The problems were brought about by a lack of economic incentives to the industrial community.
这些问题是由于对工业界缺乏经济动力带来的。
The problems were compounded by the inexperience and lack of insight by elected governmental officials and the governmental agencies charged with the task of regulation.
由于被选出来制定法规的政府官员和政府机构缺乏经验和洞察力，这使得问题更严重。
Although sufficient legislation is now in place to solve the problem of hazardous waste disposal, it is unlikely that a true solution will be achieved for 20 years or longer.
尽管现在有足够的法规来解决有害物质的处理问题，但是在二十年或更长的时间内是不可能真正得到解决的。
Only through interaction between industry scientists, and government regulators will true solutions be finally realized.
只有通过工业界，科学家和政府部门的共同努力，才能最终得到解决。
unit3.
Waste minimization: The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored, or disposed of.
废物最少化：产生的废物最大程度减少，然后处理，存储，或者处置。
It includes any source reduction or recycling activity of waste or the reduction in the toxicity of waste (or both) as long as the reduction is consistent with the goal of minimization of present and future threats to human health and the environment.
它包括了被导致了只要减量化与现在或将来威胁到人类健康和环境的最小化的目标一致的总容量或废物数量的减少或者废物毒性的减少，或者两方面兼备的发生器承担任何资源减量化或循环的活动。
unit1污染是指空气、水或土地具有的一些物理、化学或生物特性能对人类或其它生物健康、生存和活动产生有害影响从而发生令人不快的变化。
unit2.
Because of the abuses and problems of the past, regulations have been enacted that force American industry to be responsible for hazardous waste disposal.
由于过去的这些问题，用来强制美国的工业承担有害物质处理责任的相关法规已经颁布。
The problems were brought about by a lack of economic incentives to the industrial community.
这些问题是由于对工业界缺乏经济动力带来的。
The problems were compounded by the inexperience and lack of insight by elected governmental officials and the governmental agencies charged with the task of regulation.
由于被选出来制定法规的政府官员和政府机构缺乏经验和洞察力，这使得问题更严重。
Although sufficient legislation is now in place to solve the problem of hazardous waste disposal, it is unlikely that a true solution will be achieved for 20 years or longer.
尽管现在有足够的法规来解决有害物质的处理问题，但是在二十年或更长的时间内是不可能真正得到解决的。
Only through interaction between industry scientists, and government regulators will true solutions be finally realized.
只有通过工业界，科学家和政府部门的共同努力，才能最终得到解决。
unit3.
Waste minimization: The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored, or disposed of.
废物最少化：产生的废物最大程度减少，然后处理，存储，或者处置。
It includes any source reduction or recycling activity of waste or the reduction in the toxicity of waste (or both) as long as the reduction is consistent with the goal of minimization of present and future threats to human health and the environment.
它包括了被导致了只要减量化与现在或将来威胁到人类健康和环境的最小化的目标一致的总容量或废物数量的减少或者废物毒性的减少，或者两方面兼备的发生器承担任何资源减量化或循环的活动。
unit4
A waste minimization team should be established.
应该成立一个废物最小化的机构。
Although each company will differ and specific number and makeup vary depending on company size, complexity, and resources, this team should be composed of a variety of people who can be contribute to the waste minimization effort.
虽然每个集团各有不同，且具体数量和形式随着集团的规模，复杂性和资源而变化，这个组织应由各种各样的能够为废物最小化作贡献的人来组成。
Examples of those who should be a part of the team include representatives from the following.
包括以下列举的代表应该成为组织的一分子:
●management.管理层
●environmental engineering.环境工程
●facilities maintenance.设施维修
●process engineering.工程过程
●Production.生产
●safety and health.安全与健康
●research and development研究与发展
●quality control.质量控制
●purchasing/inventory/warehousing.采购/库存/仓储
●shipping/receiving/warehousing.航运/接收/仓储
●accounting.会计
●personnel.工作人员
●marketing.市场营销
unit4
Particle surfaces.颗粒表面
Where pollutant species are present in or associated with a condensed phase, it is sometimes necessary to establish whether the pollutant is part of the bulk system or present on its surface.
污染物存在或联系凝结的状态,有时需要去确定污染物是否在体积内或存在它表面。
Such a consideration is particularly meaningful since material present on the surface of an airborne particle, for example, comes into immediate contact with the external environment, whereas that which is distributed uniformly throughout the particle is effectively present at a much lower concentration and can exert a much lower chemical intensity at the particle surface.
尤其意味深长的是因为物质存在于空中颗粒表面,例如直接与外部环境的接触,然而在颗粒表面分布均匀在整个颗粒是有效地呈现在更低浓度和可以发挥更低的化学活性。
Since airborne particles can be inhaled, surface predominance can result in high localized concentrations of chemical species at the points of particle deposition in the lung.
由于可以吸入空中的颗粒,表面控制可以导致肺部颗粒沉积点的化学物质局部浓度升高。
unit5
We must be careful about depending solely on concentration values in determining the severity air pollutants.在仅从浓度来决定严重空气污染物方面，我们必须十分小心。 By themselves , measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants , because threshold levels , synergy, and biological magnification are also determining factors.通过测出的浓度自身并不能告知我们有关污染物所带来的危险的信息，因为临界浓度、协同作用和生物放大效应都是决定因素。In addition, we run into the issue of conflicting views of what constitutes harm. 除此之外，我们遇到了关于什么才是构成危害的争议性问题。
unit6
The role of carbon dioxide in the global heat balance is well recognized.
二氧化碳在全球热量平衡的作用是公认的。
Because CO2 can absorb thermal energy, it decreases the atmosphere’s emissivity, that is, its ability to radiate long-wave infrared and transparency to visible light is characterized as the “greenhouse effect”.
因为二氧化碳能够吸收热能，减少大气发射率，也就是说，它能够辐射红外长波和可见光，这种能力通常被称为“温室效应”。
This “greenhouse effect” is due primarily to water vapor ad carbon dioxide, which have strong infrared absorption bands.
“温室效应”主要是由水汽和二氧化碳引起的，它们有着强烈的红外线吸收带。
Changes in atmospheric levels of either or both of these gases would ,of course ,affect the amount of heat or long-wave infrared trapped within the greenhouse and thus determine global climate .
当然，大气层中一种或几种这些气体的变化会影响被截留在温室内的热量和红外长波，从而决定了全球的气候。
Since 1890 atmospheric CO2 levels have increased from about 290 to 322 ppm.
直到1890年为止，大气层的二氧化碳水平由百万分之290增加到百万分之322。
Of this increase 25% has occurred in the past decade .
其中有25%是最近十年增加的。
Since 1958 the average annual increase has been approximately 0.7 ppm/yr .
从1958年起，平均每年的增长量接近百万分之0.7。
If this trend continues ,atmospheric CO2 levels are expected to double by the year 2035AD.
如果这个趋势继续下去的话，公元2035年，大气层中的二氧化碳水平将可能翻倍。
Based on some widely accepted climatic models ，this doubling could result in the warming of surface temperatures in the mid-latitudes on the order of 2.4 degree, with greater potential warming in the polar regions.
根据一些被广泛接受的气候模型，这种结果可能导致中纬度表面温度大约上升2.4度，同时伴随着极地地区巨大的潜在升温。